英语阅读3
2005年10月19日 leon试卷代号：2157
中央广播电视大学2004—2005学年度第一学期“开放专科”期末考试
英语专业 英语阅读(3) 试题
2005年1月
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Part I
Questions 1 -- 10 are based on passage 1.
Passage 1
Searching for Utopia
1 While most of the world seems to be motivated by more money, better televisions, more
powerful cars, the highest-tech computers, bigger houses, there are some independent souls
who are tired of "the rat-race", that is, the stressful pressures of working hard to get ahead.
Since around 1990, there has been a slow but steady rise in "intentional communities" in the
U.S. An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a
common purpose. Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle, each of these groups
places a high priority on a sense of community, in other words, the feeling of belonging and
mutual support. There were 300 intentional communities listed in the 1990 edition of the
intentional Communities Directory; by 1995, this had grown to 600, and it is estimated that
there are now several thousand, listed and unlisted, in operation. These communities vary in
size, but in the 600 listed communities in 1995, total population, including children, was
estimated at 24,000.
2 At first glance, the intentional community movement appears quite diverse. It is multi-
generational, i.e. with ages ranging from children to seniors. They may choose to live
together on a piece of rural land, in a suburban center, or in an urban neighbourhood. In
some communities, individuals own their own land and house; in others, these things are
shared. There is a wide variety of choices regarding standard of living- some embrace
voluntary simplicity to live with others who share their values. Some are secular while others
are committed to a common religious belief.
3 What unites the intentional community movement is its members"proud rejection of
mainstream consumer values. Nearly all communities encourage sharing items members don"t
need to own privately, for example. Washing machines, trucks, swimming pools. Many
communities serve as model environmental or teaching centers for sustainable agriculture.
For example, "The Farm", a large cooperative community in rural Tennessee does not reject
competitive business practices but rather, commits to a vision of environmentally friendly
business. Members of "The Farm" work in several small-scale industries including solar
electronics, solar car research, and a publishing company for alternative books.
4 An example of an intentional community committed to voluntary simplicity is Vashon
Co-Housing Community. Its members choose to live in small unpainted wood houses,
shingled with cedar. "Uncle Martin" decided to leave New York in 1989 and move his family
to the Vashon Co-Housing. He and his family live on little money, don’t own a computer,
and forbid anything with the Disney label on it. Rather than playing Myst on the-computer,
the family spends their evening playing old-fashioned card games, or reading. Residents live
in separate dwellings but homes are connected by dirt roads, there are 13 acres of communal
land, all residents attend bimonthly meetings, and every month there is a work party in
which everybody pitches in with outdoor chores.
5 These communities are the newest expression of the 300-year-old American desire to
build a non-hierarchical, or equal, community with values uncorrupted by the larger society.
It was this desire to form a new, ideal community which brought the Pilgrims to the U. S. in
the early 17"h century. Three hundred years later, it is still impossible to find a community
that has achieved perfection. The problems we see "out there" in the mainstream -- greed,
dishonesty, egoism, competition, factionalism -- all manage to find their way into
alternative cultures too. However, intentional communities have a much lower crime rate
than their mainstream neighbours, and claim a more caring and satisfying lifestyle. They are
committed to ideals of ecology, cooperation, and family, even though they may often fail to
reach those ideals perfectly. Their utopian vision provides a challenge to the pace and
purpose of modem American society.
Directions ..
Find the following list of words in Passage 1 and then guess the meaning of them from their
context. Finally use these words to complete the following sentences.
motivated stressful diverse vary share
rejection competitive move old-fashioned caring
1. He was wearing plastic-rimmed glasses.
2. Life with several children is hard and
3. The students are highly by their teachers~ encouragement.
4. People from cultures might have difficulty understanding each other
sometimes.
5. Children need a environment.
6. Our firm is no longer in world markets.
7. These fish in weight from 3 lb to 5 lb.
8. Let"s the last cake~ you have half and I"ll have half.
9. There had been a widespread of many of the traditional processes of
political participation.
10. He has decided to his family to New York.
Part II
Questions 11 -- 15 are based on Passage 2.
Passage 2
Importance of Pet Loss Therapy
1 Noriko Saito (not her real name), a company employee in her early 20s, lost her beloved
male dog a couple of months ago. She attended the dying dog night and day, taking a full
month off from work, but the dog passed away while she was dozing. Now she still blames
herself for having missed the very moment of his death. "I let him die alone," she says. "ISn
still grieving for him. I feel as if I will never have such wonderful days as I had with him. I
cannot find any meaning in life any more."
2 Housewife yukari Matsuoka (not her real name) carries around the ashes of her cat,
who died four months ago. She even brings the urn into her bed every night. "My friends
tell me to bury it in the cemetery. They say the cat"s soul cannot rest in peace if I keep her
ashes," she says with a sigh. "But I want to keep it for a while."
3 These women might sound eccentric or even neurotic to some readers, but their reaction
is fully understandable to those who have lost someone or something special, says Tsukimi
Washizu, a veterinarian and lecturer at Nippon Veterinary and Zooteehnical College. In
Japan~ where extended families are becoming a thing of the past and people are increasingly
choosing to live alone, more people are beginning to keep pets as their companions. Pets give
unconditional affection and comfort to humans, but their death can also bring them
unbearable grief.
4 "Animals become a part of your family. It is very natural to be saddened over the death
of your family," Washizu says. "Many people, however, will consider you a little strange if
you take even a single day off for your pet"s funeral, while they"ll give you sympathy for a
death in your family and allow you to take several days off from work or school."
5 Washizu recently compiled a book titled "Pet no Shi, Sono Toki Anata wa (The Death of
Your Pet -- What Next)" with several other specialists in the field. While many books on
how to raise and train pets have been published, tills book is probab[y the first book on "pet
loss" aimed at ordinary pet owners in Japan, she says. The book includes such subjects as
the terminal care of pets, how to deal with the remains after the death, and advice on how to
cope with the loss of pets.
6 The term "pet loss" came into usage in the late ~70s among some veterinarians and
psychotherapists in the United States and Europe. Beyond the physical loss, the term
encompasses the pet owners~psychologica[ stress -- such as grief, depression, anger,
separation anxiety, guilt, sleeping and eating disorders, fatigue, sickness, transient auditory
and visual hallucinations and so on.
7 Although pet loss has recently become a topic in the Japanese mass media, Washizu is
skeptical about the coverage. "Media tend to sensationalize the story, focusing on only
extreme cases, but it could make readers or viewers mistakenly believe the majority of people
suffering from pet loss are suffering from mental disorders, "she says. "Truly serious cases
are very rare. Most people can get over the foss eventually, though it might take time. "
8 Keiko Yamazaki, a journalist and one of the authors of "Pet no Shi," agrees with
Washizu. "I wonder why the media is making such a fuss about the term ~ Pet Loss
Syndrome, Swhen we don~t even have a term for spouse loss," she says.
9 Nevertheless, a general awareness is important. Yamazaki points out that very few pet
specialists in Japan can properly guide troubled pet owners. In the U.S. and Europe, various
forms of pet loss care support are offered. Veterinary hospltals offer counselling service for
the individual or family members to come and talk with staff, who are trained to deal with
grief and depression related to pet loss. Telephone counselling has also been set up. Trained
volunteers man the telephone lines for callers twenty-four hours a day in some states in the
U. S. , listening to their stories about their pets, and giving them advice on how to deal with
death. Self-help groups have also been organized in many cities in the U.S. and Europe.
People who have lost their pets meet once a week to share their grief and try to readjust to
life without their pets. Booki on pet bereavement and condolence cards for people who have
lost their pets are also commonly sold. And although not all the people who have lost their
pets are using these services, it is at least available. Veterinarian surveys report about 30
percent of pet owners in the U.S. may use these services at one time or another. Pet owners
claim that it doesn"t matter how many use it, the most important point is that society
recognizes the grief caused by the loss of pets.
10 Chifumi Yoshida, a Kawasaki-based psychotherapist, is probably the only person in
this country who is offering telephone counselling service for those suffering from pet loss.
Since he started the service two years ago, Yoshida has had over 400 callers. Many callers
don~t need to phone him more than once, because they usually feel somehow relieved after
sharing their feelings. Some, he says, seem to be mentally depressed, though the percentage
is very low. "If you have difficulty leading a normal social life for longer than two or three
months, you should consult with a therapist," Yoshida says.
11 According to Yoshida,, many people do tend to humanize their pets, as if they were
their children, so the pet"s death can impact people like the loss of a child would. Some
callers openly say losing their pet caused them more grief than their parent"s death, he says.
12 Often other people"s reactions have a great influence on recovery, Yoshida points out.
Careless remarks such as "It"s just a pet" or "You can get another one" can worsen grief and
depression. Warm acceptance .and compassion can help them get over the loss smoothly.
Yoshida
13 "After all," says Yoshida, "human ties, or the existence of someone who will listen to
you and provide a shoulder to cry on, will heal pet loss."
Directions:
Read Passage ~ and match the following persons" names in the left column with their relevant
deseriptions in the right column. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Note that there are
TWO choices for each question. (20 points, 2 points for each choice)
11. Noriko Saito A. a housewife
B. unsure about the coverage of pet loss by mass media
12. Yukari Matsuoka C. lost her male dog a couple of months ago
D. holding the view that warm acceptance and compassion can
help pet owners get over the loss smoothly
13. Tsukimi Washizu E. a company employee in her early twenties
F. lost her cat four months ago
14. Keiko Yamazaki G. the compiler of a book
H. a psychotherapist
15. Chifumi Yoshida I. holding the view that very few pet specialists in Japan can
properly guide troubled pet owners
J. a journalist
Part III
Questions 16 -- 25 are based on Passage 3.
Passage 3
Data On Ocean Floors
1 At the water"s edge of Baltimore Harbor, two freshly painted gray ships await to be sent
out on their next mission. These are the workhorses of the Information Revolution. They
are wiring the world to meet the explosive and seemingly limitless demand for Intemet, voice
and video services, projected to be a $1 trillion-a-year global market by 2000. The tow
ships, C.S. Global Link and its companion the C.S. Global Mariner, are among the most
technologically advanced vessels in the business of laying undersea fiber-optic
communications cables. They are part of a worldwide fleet, owned by Tyco International
Ltd. , that has installed more transoceanic fiber than any other company.
2 Most of the world"s telephone and Internet traffic courses through these hair-thin
capillaries of glass, which stretch from one continent to another along the ocean floor. In
constant pulses of light, coded in the computer language of ones and zeros, they flash
millions of"phone calls, electronic mail messages, video clips and World Wide Web pages at
light speed.
3 Undersea fiber-optic cables have become one of the most crucial components of today"s
communications-based global economy, despite mid-t960s predictions that satellites would
make earthbound long-distance communications obsolete.
4 "Most people really do not realize the amount of telephone cables that are undersea, and
that their calls actually go through them," said Rob Jones, captain of the C.S. Global Link.
There are 228,958 miles (3684[72 kilometers) of fiber-optic cable on the floors of the world~
s sea, enough to encircle Earth almost 10 times, according to KMI Corp. of Rhode Island.
Another 177,717 miles of cable are planned for installation worldwide by 2000, KMI
estimates.
5 That figure does not count the most ambitious program, Project Oxygen, which backers
deseribe as a $14 billion "Super Internet" that would pay out 198,844 miles of mainly
undersea fiber-optic cable touching 175 countries. Oxygen already has the backing of 30
international tele-communications providers and is scheduled for completion in 2003. Project
Oxygen is "the most ambitious project of communications in the 20th century," said
President John Kestrel of KMI. "The internet is a major driver of the expansion. The second
driver is the need for video transmissions.
6 Global deregulation of telecommunications markets is also playing a key role in the
subsea fiber boom. Phone companies around the world are rapidly going private and
governments are opening their markets to competition. Chinese officials, for example~
cleverly played 14 competitors off each other in bids to build the first link between China and
the United States -- and then ultimately told them all to share the $1 billion cohtract.
7 Phrases such as "quantum leap "and "orders of magnitude" frequently come up in
discussions about advances in undersea fiber optics. In 1998, when glass ~ibers began to
replace copper in telecommunications, people~ stopped talking in terms of hundreds of
simultaneous phone calls per cable and started talking about tens of thousands. Scientists at
companies such as Ciena Corp. of Maryland have more than quadrupled fiber-cable capacity
by using lasers to split light into colors, sending data through each path in a process called
"wave division multiplexing. "The newest trans-Atlantic cable can handle 2.4 million voice
conversations at one time -- or hundreds of thousands of compressed video images. The
China-U.S. project will handle 4 million calls at once.
8 Lucent Technology Inc. , one of the leading fiber optic companies, unveiled the latest
breakthrough. The ability to transmit as many as 10 million calls over a single fiber by
dividing the strand into 80 separate wavelengths of light instead of 16. "Lucent says the
cable"s 400-gigabit (billions of computer instructions per second) speed is enough to carry the
world"s Internet traffic at any given time on one fiber. One voice phone call requires 64,000
bits. Is there any limit to the capacity increase? "Absolutely not," said Neil Tagare, Project
Oxygen"s founder and an uridersea fiber veteran, "There is no end in sight."
9 And as the boom in fiber-optics continues, the cost of fiber decreases. Each voice circuit
in a pre-fiber trans-Atlantic cable in 1987 cost about $ 40,000 annually to build and maintain,
Mr. Kessler said. Today, the cost has dropped to roughly $100 to $200 per circuit, he
said. The plunging costs, combined with deregulation and competition in phone markets,
have made distance meaningless in communications -- and the price of calls.
10 Aboard the C.S. Global Link, Captain Jones remains very busy. The ship returned to
Blatimore from the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, after dropping 2,000 miles of cable from
Bombay to Malaysia as part of another major proieet, called Fiber Link Around the Globe.
Before Bombay, it helped to lay Atlantic Crossing, covering 3,557 miles of fiber-optic cables
at an average speed of 6 knots over 21 days. It takes less than two months to install a trans-
Atlantic cable. Ships use computers that are programmed to follow a specific route using
global positioning satellite navigalion systems. The routes are chosen after careful undersea
topographical surveys that consider such factors as underwater earthquake faults, canyons
and shipping and fishing routes. "If global links continue to grow as they have in the last
decade, it"s going to get kind of crowded down there," says Jones.
Directions:
Read passage 3 carefully and then choose the best answer to questions 16 --25 according to your
understanding of the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. (20 points, 2 points
each)
16. Tyco International Ltd.
A. is a company which owns many ships
B. is a telephone and Internet company
C. is a company in charge of Project Oxygen
17. Rob Jones
A. is captain of the C.S. Global Mariner.
B. is captain of the C.S. Global Link
C. is President of KMI
18. There are of fiber-optic cable on the floors of the world"s seas,
A. 228,958 kilometers
B. 177,717 kilometers
C. 368,472 kilometers
19. Project Oxygen
A. is a project of communications in the gist century.
B. is described as "Super Internet" by its backers
C. already has the backing of 175 countries
20. were used for telecommunications in 1998.
A. Optic fibers
B. Copper cables
C. Glass fibers
21. The newest trans-Atlantic cable can handle at one time.
A. 2.4 million voice conversations
B. hundreds of compressed video images
C. 2.4 million calls
22. One voice phone call requires
A. 400-gigabit
B. 16 billion bits
C. 64,000 bits
23. Nell Tagare is . ....
A. President of Tyco International Ltd.
B. captain of the C.S. Global Link
C. founder ofProject Oxygen
24. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Captain Jones has nothing to do after boarding the C.S. Global Link.
B. The C.S. Global Link returned to Baltimore from the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.
C. The C.S. Global Link dropped 2,000 miles o{ cable from Bombay to Malaysia.
25. It takes to install a trans-Atlantic cable.
A. less than 21 days
B. [ess than 2 months
C. more 2 months
Part I~
Questions 26 -- 35 are based on Passage 4.
Passage 4
Soeiobiology
1 The tightly organized societies of bees and ants .... the hunting tactics of lion prides
(狮群) .... the social hierarchies of monkey troops .... These and dozens of other
examples of animal behavior have long fascinated people. They have rarely been offered as
anything more than evidenee for the remarkable variety of nature.
2 Lately, however, some of the biologists who study animal ways have come to believe
that their findings point to a far more profound conclusion. The superficial aspects of social
behavior vary widely across the animal kingdom. Beneath these different aspects, however,
the scientists assert, are common behavioral patterns. These patterns, they say, are
governed by the genes and shaped by the forces described in the Darwinian theory of
evolution.
3 This belief is the product of a new field of scientific inquiry called sociobiology. It carries
with it a revolutionary implication. That is, much of a person"s behavior toward his fellows,
ranging from aggressive to kindly actions, may be as much a product of evolution as is the
structure of the hand or the size of the brain.
4 Many psychologists and sociologists, in particular, have long held that human behavior
arises almost entirely from unique intellectual and emotional capacities. But a growing
number of scientists participating in the study of sociobiology are convinced otherwise. They
believe that the ideas now emerging from their work are so powerful that every rational effort
to understand human behavior must someday take them into account. The greatest impact of
s0ciobiology, outside of animal research, is expected to be on sociology and psychology.
Some sociobiologists predict that these fields of study will eventually be forced to modify
their theories and practices.
5 Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for social behavior in every species, from
low ants~ society to modern human society. It seeks to explain the origin of that behavior in
terms of how it improves an individual"s or a society"s fitness to survive.
6. Sociobiology"s key contribution is that it combines Darwinian theory with the observations
of animal behavior research. Many scientists have studied communication systems among
animals and spent long years observing wild animal groups.
Directions:
Read passage 4 and then decide which of the following statements are TRUE and which are
FALSE. On your answer sheet, indicate T for TRUE or F for FALSE against the number for
each of items 26 --35. (20 points, 2 points each)
26. According to the passage, all monkey troops are equal.
27. People have long been interested in animal behaviour.
28. The last sentence of Para. I means that they are only regarded as evidence for the
remarkable variety of nature.
29. The second paragraph mainly tellsabout the superficial aspects of social behavior.
30. The third paragraph mainly tells about what affects the formation of one"s behavior
towards one"s fellows.
31. More and more scientists participating in the study of sociobiology are convinced that
human beviour arises almost entirely from unique intellectual and emotional capacities.
32. Some scientists believe sociobiology would affect their theories and practices.
33. Soeiobiology mainly studies modern human society.
34. Scientists believe that animals have similar behavioural patterns.
35. Darwinian theory plays a key role in the study of animal behavior according to the
passage.
Part ~
Questions 36 --40 are based on Passage 5.
Passage 5
The Pleasures of Eating
1 The first man who cooked his food, instead of eating it raw, lived so long ago that we
have no idea who he was or where he lived. We do know, however~ that for thousands of
years, food was always eaten cold and raw. Perhaps the first cooked food was heated
accidentally by a forest fire or by the molten lava from an erupting volcano. No doubt, when
people first tasted food that had been cooked, they found it tasted better. However, even
after this discovery, cooked food must have remained a rarity until man learned how to make
and control fire.
2 Early peoples who lived in hot regions could depend on the heat of the sun to cook their
food. For example, in the desert areas of the southwestern United States, the Indians
cooked their food by placing it on a flat stone in the hot sun. They cooked pieces of meat and
thin cakes of corn meal in this fashion.
3 We can imagine that the earliest kitchen utensil was a stick to which a piece of meat
could be attached and held over a fire. Later this stick was replaced by an iron rod or spit
which could be turned frequently to cook the meat on all sides.
4 Cooking food in water was impossible before man learned to make water containers that
could not be destroyed by fire. The first cooking pots were reed or grass baskets in which
soups and stews could be cooked. As early as 1600 B.C. , the Egyptians had learned to make
more permanent cooking pots out of sandstone. Many years later, the Eskimos learned to
make similar pans.
5 The North American Indians adopted a different method of cooking their food. They
placed their food in skin bags or birch bark kettles, then dropped hot stones in with the
food. When the stones cooled off, the Indians replaced them with hot stones. The Indians
continued to add fresh hot stones to the containers until the food was cooked.
6 Records left by the ancient Egyptians show that they knew how to cook food in many
ways. Their frescoes (wall-paintings) portray people baking, boiling, roasting, frying and
stewing food. The Egyptians also knew how to preserve meat by smoking and salting it.
7 The Bible tells us that the Jews were skilled cooks. The Book of Genesis, for instance,
relates the story of Rebecca, who put food in a pan and placed it over burning charcoal. The
Jews also knew the art of baking at an early point in their history. Carvings left by the
ancient Jews show dough being put into a small round oven to be baked.
Directions:
Read passage 5 and then give a short answer to each of the questions 36 --40 on your answer
sheet. (20 points, 4 points each)
36. How was food eaten thousands of years ago?
37. How did early peoples living in hot regions cook their food?
38. What were used as the first cooking pots?
39. What did the Egyptians use to make cooking pots?
40. What were frescoes?
试卷代号：2157
中央广播电视大学2004—2005学年度第一学期“开放专科”期末考试
英语专业 英语阅读(3) 试题答案及评分标准
(供参考)
2005年1月
Part I: (20 points, 2 points each)
1. old-fashioned 2. stressful 3. motivated 4. diverse
5. caring 6. competitive 7. vary 8. share
9. rejection 10. move
Part Il :Matching (20 points, 2 points for EACH CHOICE)
11. C,E 12. A,F 13. B,G 14. l,J 15. D,H
Part ]11: Multiple Choice (20 points, .2 points each)
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. B
Part IV: True or False (20 points, 2 points each)
26. F 27. T 28. T 29. F 30. T
31. F 32. T 33. F 34. T 35. T
Part V: Short answer (20 points, 4 points each)
36. Cold and raw.
37. They used the heat of the sun.
38. Reed and grass baskets.
39. Sandstone.
40. Wall-paintings.
评分标准(教师阅卷时，可备一份试题作参考)
1．第一部分共有10道小题，每小题2分，共计20分。按参考英语阅读(3)答案阅卷，每小题做对得分，做错不得分。
2．第二部分有5道题，每小题每个选项分别占2分，共计20分。按参考英语阅读(3)答案阅卷，每小题做对一个选项得2分，做错不得分。
3．第三部分有10道题，每小题2分，共计20分。按参考英语阅读(3)答案阅卷，每小题做对得2分，做错不得分。
4．第四部分有10道正误判断题。每小题2分，共计20分。按参考英语阅读(3)答案阅卷，每小题做对得2分，做错不得分。
5．第五部分有5道简答题，每小题4分，共计20分。该部分具体评分标准如下：